![]() PSM model assumes the same t 1/2 dependence for sufficiently young ocean floor. The simple cooling model predicts a linear relation between seafloor depth and t 1/2 and heat flow and 1/t 1/2, where t is the age of the ocean floor. Parsons and Sclater 20 developed a model (PSM) involving a 125-km-thick plate with a basal temperature of 1350 ☌ to fit the observed data. These three types describe the general trend of the heat-flow curve. One model assumes that the lithosphere behaves as the cold upper boundary layer of a cooling half-space, known as Half Space cooling Model (HSM) 18, the second model represents the lithosphere as a cooling plate with an isothermal lower boundary 6, 19, 20 and the third model involves a constant flow applied on the bottom lithospheric isotherm 21, 22. Three types of deterministic conductive models and their adaptations have been developed based on flow conduction dynamics and treatment of the lithosphere as a plate with regular boundary conditions. Several mathematical models have been developed for predicting spatial and temporal variations in heat flow with age and sea-floor depth. Several possible cascade processes have been discussed to interpret the generation and evolution of heat flow, including mantle convection 10, heat conduction 11, circulation 12, heat released during exothermal serpentinisation reactions 13, heat sources in plumes and magmatic eruptions 14, 15, dike injection 16 and earthquake swarms 17. Gravity and crustal thickness have been used to constrain thermal contraction models, but the variation of heat flow and see-floor depth with age or distance became the primary constraint on models of the thermal structure and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere 8, 9. The heat flow decreases with distance from mid-ocean ridges 5, 6, 7. ![]() High-temperature axial hydrothermal systems, including black smokers in oceanic spreading centres and back-arc basins have attracted much attention from researchers 1, 2, 3, 4. Hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges involve complex cascade systems of heat transfer from the Earth’s interior to the ocean. This raises a fundamental question about the existence of a “sealing” age and accordingly the hydrothermal flux estimation based on the cooling models. Furthermore, the heat flow model does not exhibit special characteristics around any particular age of lithosphere. This model significantly improves the results for prediction of heat flow that were obtained using the PSM, GDH1 and CHABLIS models. This new model provides a modified solution to fit the observed heat flow data used in other models in the literature throughout the age range. We can modify the cooling models by substituting the ordinary mass density of lithosphere by fractal density with singularity. younger than 55 Myr) influenced by local hydrothermal circulation has been used to estimate hydrothermal heat flux and investigate hydrothermal processes. The discrepancy between the predicted and measured heat flow in the younger lithosphere (i.e. Several plate models, including the Parsons and Sclater (PSM) model, Global Depth and Heat (GDH1) model and Constant Heat flow Applied on the Bottom Lithospheric Isotherm (CHABLIS) model, have been used to predict heat flow in the ocean lithosphere. Peak heat flow occurs at mid-ocean ridges and decreases with the age of the oceanic lithosphere.
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